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31.
State Space Search with Prioritised Soft Constraints 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper addresses two issues: how to choose between solutions for a problem specified by multiple criteria, and how to search for solutions in such situations. We argue against an approach common in decision theory, reducing several criteria to a single cost (e.g., using a weighted sum cost function) and instead propose a way of partially ordering solutions satisfying a set of prioritised soft constraints. We describe a generalisation of the A* search algorithm which uses this ordering and prove that under certain reasonable assumptions the algorithm is complete and optimal. 相似文献
32.
In Queensland, Australia, forest areas are discriminated from non-forest by applying a threshold (∼ 12%) to Landsat-derived Foliage Projected Cover (FPC) layers (equating to ∼ 20% canopy cover), which are produced routinely for the State. However, separation of woody regrowth following agricultural clearing cannot be undertaken with confidence, and is therefore not mapped routinely by State Agencies. Using fully polarimetric C-, L- and P-band NASA AIRSAR and Landsat FPC data for forests and agricultural land near Injune, central Queensland, we corroborate that woody regrowth dominated by Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) cannot be discriminated using either FPC or indeed C-band data alone, because the rapid attainment of a canopy cover leads to similarities in both reflectance and backscatter with remnant forest. We also show that regrowth cannot be discriminated from non-forest areas using either L-band or P-band data alone. However, mapping can be achieved by thresholding and intersecting these layers, as regrowth is unique in supporting both a high FPC (> ∼ 12%) and C-band SAR backscatter (> ~ − 18 dB at HV polarisation) and low L-band and P-band SAR backscatter (e.g. < =∼ 14 dB at L-band HH polarisation). To provide a theoretical explanation, a wave scattering model based on that of Durden et al. [Durden, S.L., Van Zyl, J.J. & Zebker, H.A. (1989). Modelling and observation of radar polarization signature of forested areas. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 27, 290-301.] was used to demonstrate that volume scattering from leaves and small branches in the upper canopy leads to increases in C-band backscattering (particularly HV polarisations) from regrowth, which increases proportionally with FPC. By contrast, low L-band and P-band backscatter occurs because of the lack of double bounce interactions at co-polarisations (particularly HH) and volume scattering at HV polarisation from the stems and branches, respectively, when their dimensions are smaller than the wavelength. Regrowth maps generated by applying simple thresholds to both FPC and AIRSAR L-band data showed a very close correspondence with those mapped using same-date 2.5 m Hymap data and an average 73.7% overlap with those mapped through time-series comparison of Landsat-derived land cover classifications. Regrowth mapped using Landsat-derived FPC from 1995 and JER-1 SAR data from 1994-1995 also corresponded with areas identified within the time-series classification and true colour stereo photographs for the same period. The integration of Landsat FPC and L-band SAR data is therefore expected to facilitate regrowth mapping across Queensland and other regions of Australia, particularly as Japan's Advanced Land Observing System (ALOS) Phase Arrayed L-band SAR (PALSAR), to be launched in 2006, will observe at both L-band HH and HV polarisations. 相似文献
33.
34.
Chiara Braghin Natasha Sharygina Katerina Barone-Adesi 《Formal Aspects of Computing》2011,23(5):627-648
This article describes an approach for the automated verification of mobile systems. Mobile systems are characterized by the
explicit notion of location (e.g., sites where they run) and the ability to execute at different locations, yielding a number of security issues. To
this aim, we formalize mobile systems as Labeled Kripke Structures, encapsulating the notion of location net that describes the hierarchical nesting of the threads constituting the system. Then, we formalize a generic security-policy specification language that includes rules for expressing and manipulating the code location. In contrast to many other approaches, our technique
supports both access control and information flow specification. We developed a prototype framework for model checking of
mobile systems. It works directly on the program code (in contrast to most traditional process-algebraic approaches that can
model only limited details of mobile systems) and uses abstraction-refinement techniques, based also on location abstractions,
to manage the program state space. We experimented with a number of mobile code benchmarks by verifying various security policies.
The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed mobile system modeling and policy specification formalisms
and highlight the advantages of the model checking-based approach, which combines the validation of security properties with
other checks, such as the validation of buffer overflows. 相似文献
35.
The viewfinder of a digital camera has traditionally been used for one purpose: to display to the user a preview of what is seen through the camera's lens. High quality cameras are now available on devices such as mobile phones and PDAs, which provide a platform where the camera is a programmable device, enabling applications such as online computational photography, computer vision‐based interactive gaming, and augmented reality. For such online applications, the camera viewfinder provides the user's main interaction with the environment. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for aligning successive viewfinder frames. First, an estimate of inter‐frame translation is computed by aligning integral projections of edges in two images. The estimate is then refined to compute a full 2D similarity transformation by aligning point features. Our algorithm is robust to noise, never requires storing more than one viewfinder frame in memory, and runs at 30 frames per second on standard smartphone hardware. We use viewfinder alignment for panorama capture, low‐light photography, and a camera‐based game controller. 相似文献
36.
Sagar Chaki Edmund Clarke Natasha Sharygina Nishant Sinha 《Formal Methods in System Design》2008,32(3):235-266
This paper presents an automated and compositional procedure to solve the substitutability problem in the context of evolving software systems. Our solution contributes two
techniques for checking correctness of software upgrades: (1) a technique based on simultaneous use of over-and under-approximations
obtained via existential and universal abstractions; (2) a dynamic assume-guarantee reasoning algorithm—previously generated component assumptions are reused and altered on-the-fly to prove
or disprove the global safety properties on the updated system. When upgrades are found to be non-substitutable, our solution
generates constructive feedback to developers showing how to improve the components. The substitutability approach has been
implemented and validated in the ComFoRT reasoning framework, and we report encouraging results on an industrial benchmark.
This is an extended version of a paper, Dynamic Component Substitutability Analysis, published in the Proceedings of the Formal Methods 2005 Conference, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3582, by the
same authors. This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation under grant nos. CNS-0411152, CCF-0429120, CCR-0121547,
and CCR-0098072, the Semiconductor Research Corporation under grant no. TJ-1366, the US Army Research Office under grant no.
DAAD19-01-1-0485, the Office of Naval Research under grant no. N00014-01-1-0796, the ICAST project and the Predictable Assembly
from Certifiable Components (PACC) initiative at the Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. The views
and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official
policies, either expressed or implied, of any sponsoring institution, the US government or any other entity. 相似文献
37.
Social Network Sites (SNSs) rely exclusively on user-generated content to offer engaging and rewarding experience to its members. As a result, stimulating user communication and self-disclosure is vital for the sustainability of SNSs. However, considering that the SNS users are increasingly culturally diverse, motivating this audience to self-disclose requires understanding of their cultural intricacies. Yet existing research offers only limited insights into the role of culture behind the motivation of SNS users to self-disclose. Building on the privacy calculus framework, this study explores the role of two cultural dimensions ?C individualism and uncertainty avoidance ?C in self-disclosure decisions of SNS users. Survey responses of US and German Facebook members are used as the basis for our analysis. Structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis results reveal the distinct role of culture in the cognitive patterns of SNS users. The authors find that trusting beliefs play a key role in the self-disclosure decisions of users from individualistic cultures. At the same time, uncertainty avoidance determines the impact of privacy concerns. This paper contributes to the theory by rejecting the universal nature of privacy calculus processes. The findings provide for an array of managerial implications for SNS providers as they strive to encourage content creation and sharing by their heterogeneous members. 相似文献
38.
Juan Pablo Hourcade Natasha E. Bullock-Rest Thomas E. Hansen 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2012,16(2):157-168
In spite of great improvements in early diagnosis and interventions, most children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders
(ASD) are unlikely to live independently when they reach adulthood. We have been conducting research on novel computer-based
interventions with the goal of promoting social skills. Working with 26 children with ASD, their teachers, and other stakeholders,
we have iteratively developed a set of activities based on applications that run on multitouch tablets. Our observations suggest
these activities increased pro-social behaviors such as collaboration and coordination, augmented appreciation for social
activities, and provided children with novel forms of expression. 相似文献
39.
40.
Lante Carbognani Joussef Espidel Natasha Carbognani Leryn Albujas Marisol Rosquete Liakarla Parra Jennifer Mota Anita Espidel Nancy Querales 《Petroleum Science and Technology》2000,18(5):671-699
n-Heptane insoluble contents were determined for an extraheavy-oil vacuum residue, one petroleum and one coal pitch as a function of particle size. This variable was found to affect the yields of insoluble material, aspect which was also observed during extractions carried out with aromatic and halogenated solvents. The precision of results was observed to be independent on the operators. A study was carried out to determine the effect of sample drying time on fraction yields. It was found that maltene fractions were strongly dependent on this variable, whereas asphaltene fractions were totally independent
Predissolution in aromatic solvents proved worthless from the repeatability point of view. However, predissolution of the oil residue in CH2Cl2 followed by filtration and asphaltene precipitation with simultaneous solvent removal, was deemed to be a suitable technique to remove mineral matter and isolate asphaltenes in a single step
Sample oxidation during asphaltene precipitation and isolation was detected by gravimetric and spectroscopic techniques. This fact is very important since common precipitation techniques do not address this issue
Preliminary accelerated extraction experiments carried out with pitch samples at high temperature and pressure, revealed that this approach can be a very interesting research tool to investigate solubility properties. 相似文献
Predissolution in aromatic solvents proved worthless from the repeatability point of view. However, predissolution of the oil residue in CH2Cl2 followed by filtration and asphaltene precipitation with simultaneous solvent removal, was deemed to be a suitable technique to remove mineral matter and isolate asphaltenes in a single step
Sample oxidation during asphaltene precipitation and isolation was detected by gravimetric and spectroscopic techniques. This fact is very important since common precipitation techniques do not address this issue
Preliminary accelerated extraction experiments carried out with pitch samples at high temperature and pressure, revealed that this approach can be a very interesting research tool to investigate solubility properties. 相似文献